Bow 12 Wolf

Dear Mama,

 Life as a wolf has being the toughest but its getting even more dangerous for our  kind. We've been haunting for food but every time its decreasing, i don't know what to do to protect my pack as being the leader. I think as being the leader i will have to leave some behind if they don't prepare for what humans may be planning. We keep moving & moving to far places were humans wont have a clue where  we  are hidden. Being a wolf have been really rough because im trying to find for shelter for my wolf pack but i can't ive also sent some to help me to seach for food but nothing. Any who i tell my wolf pack that if they're left behind to just try to survive or try to search for shelter and come back to let us know. I'm choosing hard decisions but also im letting them choose their own because i won't force them to do anything they don't feel like doing. Even though its hard mom i will try to survive but if  i dont i just want to let you know, I tried helping and that  I love youu and just to watch out for those hunters searching for us.

Well Mom I want to thank you for everything you taught me how to fight if I get attacked by the humans. you helped me to grow up. Have my own pack of wolf because of you I'm the wolf   I am  now. I'm always going to be your little Mia. But hey if I survived i will come and visit you okay mom, but don't worry about me I'll be fine, I know how to protect myself so don't panic. You've taught me well. Anyway i have to go now, I have to go with my pack to search where to stay and find for food,goodbye mother.

Sincerely,

    Mia 

Bow 10-11

          Some of the things i  can improve in my footprint is that i don't really recyle as much even though i use so many bottles nor when my grandma tells me too which i don't. Also i don't eat healthy food most of the times, i usually get the food from outside or restaurants which aren't so good for the earth since i don't eat organic food. After doing this i will start recycling because just by me doing a little thing it can make a huge difference in the environment.

Bow 9

Predator /Prey: An animal who does on its prey,feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).^[1] Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation always results in the death of its prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption.

http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/extreme-hunters-savage-predators-of-the-animal-kingdom/

Parasitism: A relation between organisms in which one lives asa parasite on another.

http://lesliesierra17.blogspot.com/2011/05/blog-9define-different-forms-of.html

Mutualism: a relationship between two species of organisms inwhich both benefit from the association.

http://jesuschuy27.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog9.html

Commensalism : A type of relationship between two species of aplant, animal, fungus, etc., in which one  lives with, on, or inanother without damage to either.

http://corpcloset.blogspot.com/2008/12/commensalism.html

Bow 8

Nitrogen fixation - Fixation occurs  when bacteria convert nitrogen gas(N2) into organic compounds that living organism can take up.

 

http://www.hbwbiology.net/quizzes/ch37-plant-nutrition.htm

Ammonification- ammonification occurs when bacteria or fungi  convert nitrogen gas(N2) or nitrogen compounds  into ammonium  ions(NH4+)

 http://www.biologyjunction.com/ecology_notes_bi.htm  

Nitrification- nitrification  is a two-step process: soil bacteria first convert ammonium ions(NH4+) into nitrite ions(NO2-), then convert nitrite ions into nitrate ions(NO3-)

 http://www.thisland.illinois.edu/50ways/50ways_5.html

Denitrification: to remove nitrogen or nitrogen compounds from.

http://www.nano-reef.com/articles/?article=17

Assimilation:  the conversion of absorbed food into the substance of the body.

http://images.search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A2KJkIWCmHRPJ34AvESjzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpcGszamw0BHNlYwNmcC1pbWcEc2xrA2ltZw--/SIG=11tmbj2cs/EXP=1333070082/**http%3a//www.drmikefitzgerald.com/zones.htm

Carbon Cycle

Through the process of photosynthesis crops extract carbon from the atmosphere and incorporate it into biomass. After harvest, crop residues are converted into soil organic matter. Over time soil microorganisms digest the organic matter, returning the captured carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The Center for Carbon Capturing Crops is leveraging the federal government's investments in crop genomics to develop crops having biomass that degrades more slowly in the soil than unmodified crops.

Larger version

Animated flash version

The widespread planting of carbon capturing crops will increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil. Increased storage of carbon in the soil will reduce levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and increase soil organic matter. In addition, farmers who grow these carbon-capturing crops may earn additional carbon credits. Carbon credits are tradable securities that place a cost on carbon emissions and can be sold to carbon emitters, such as coal-powered electric stations.

In addition to developing crops having enhanced biomass characteristics, the C2C2 is working with soil and atmospheric scientists and economists to model the effects of widespread planting of carbon-capturing crops on soil organic matter, atmospheric carbon, climate and the economy. The results of these modeling activities will be widely disseminated to help guide policy decisions that will influence carbon sequestration and climate change. Ultimately, the C2C2 will partner with seed companies to deploy carbon capturing crops.

http://c2c2.iastate.edu/

Food chains and food Webs

http://tarnee.com/FoodChain.html 

   Plants are called Producers because they are observed light energy from the sun light so it can produced food from carbon dioxide and water.

Animals that Only eat plants are called  herbiovores or it can also be called primary consumers.

Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores or secondary consumers.

Carnivores that eat each other are called tertiary consumers.

In this picture it shows some primary consumers which are caterpillar ,lady bug, and grass hopper. An animal who is secondary consumers are the caterpillar, bird, rat, owl, beatle, worm, and dragon fly. carnivores that eat each other in this picture are bird and mosquito.

Evolution Blog

Some traits are advantagious or detrimental, depending on the environment. It's easy for an owl to spot a white mouse sitting on a dark rock. But it's very hard for an owl to spot a white mouse in the snow. 

      

Blog( becoming human)

Found:	2001
Where:	Toros-Manalla site 266, Chad
Team leader(s):	Michel Brunet, Alain Beayvilain
Temporal range:	7 to 6 million years ago

Sahelanthropus tchadensis was described in 2002 by French paleontologist Michel Brunet and his team.  It was discovered in Chad from deposits that have been dated by biostratigraphy to between 6 and 7 million years in age.  Central Africa is an unusual place to find hominid fossils, and the conditions under which these paleontological teams work are arduous.  Their efforts are invaluable for documenting the geographic spread of hominids across the African continent.  Many fossils of other animals were recovered at the same site asSahelanthropus, suggesting that the habitat, a dry desert today, was then a lush lakeshore with extensive forests around it. 


http://www.becominghuman.org/node/sahelanthropus-tchadensis

Found:	October 2000
Where:	Tugen Hills, Kenya
Team leader(s):	Martin Pickford, Brigitte Senut
Temporal range:	6.1 to 5.8 million years ago

Orrorin tugenensis is represented by a collection of fossils from the Tugen Hills region of Kenya.  Specifically, O. tugenensis is known from four sites in this region: Cheboit, Kapsomin, Kapcheberek, and Aragai.  “Orrorin” means “original man” in the Tugen dialect, and “tugenensis” pays tribute to the Tugen Hills region.  The sediments in which this specimens have been found are dated to between 6 and 5.8 million years ago using radioisotopic methods, paleomagnetism (dating accomplished using the timing of reversals in Earth’s magnetic poles), and biochronology (dating that utilizes the relative time frames of extinct non-hominin animals).  Orrorin tugenensis is important to hominin evolution because it (along with Sahelanthropus tchadensis, from central Africa) may represent some of the earliest evidence for bipedalism in the human fossil record.
http://www.public.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_longfor/timeline/05_o_tugenensis.html

Found:	1997
Where:	Middle Awash, Ethiopia
Team leader(s):	Tim White, Gen Suwa, Yohannes Haile Selassie
Temporal range:	5.7 to 5.2 million years ago

Ardipithecus kadabba is an early hominin species recovered from sediments in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia dated to between 5.2 and 5.8 million years ago.  These fossils are of particular importance because fragments from both the skull and body have been found and are argued to demonstrate some of the earliest signs of bipedalism and hominin dental morphology.  As one of the oldest species of human ancestors, Ar. kadabbahelps to push back the origin of hominins into the late Miocene Epoch (roughly 11.6 to 5.3 million years ago). 
http://dhistorika.blogspot.com/2011/11/ardipithecus-kadabba-un-chimpance.html

Found:	December 1992
Where:	Aramis,  Ethiopia
Team leader(s):	Tim White
Temporal range:	4.5 to 4.2 million years ago

Ardipithecus ramidus is a hominin species  dating to between 4.5 and 4.2 million years ago (mya) using paleomagnetic and radioisotopic dating methods. (Paleomagnetic uses periodic reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field; radioisotopic utilizes the known rate of decay of one radioisotope into another)  Importantly, Ar. ramidusrepresents the oldest species that possesses features unequivocally linked to the hominin lineage.  Thus, Ar. ramidus is the best evidence discovered thus far for the root of the hominin family tree.  Fossils of this species, found in the Middle Awash region and the site of Gona in Ethiopia, possess derived features (features different from those found in the ancestor) in the skull and teeth.  The postcranial skeleton of Ar. ramidus, however, suggests  this species had not evolved obligate bipedality ("obligate" means the skeletal anatomy limits locomotion to one means, in this case bipedality. Obligate is the oppodite of functional bibedality, possessed by Chimpamzees - Pan troglodytes - for example, who can walk upright for short distances or climb in trees).  This combination of traits is important because scientists have long considered obligate bipedality to be a defining characteristic of the hominin lineage.  The traits possessed by Ar. ramidus, however, demonstrate that hominin-like skulls and teeth evolved before obligate bipedality and suggest the earliest hominins were not obligate bipeds. 

http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/04_Akadab.shtml

Found:	September 1994
Where:	Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya
Team leader(s):	Meave Leakey, Alan Walker
Temporal range:	4.1 to 3.9 million years ago

Fossils attributed to Australopithecus anamensis (which means “southern ape of the lake” from “anam,” meaning “lake” in the Turkana language) have been recovered from sediments at Kanapoi and Allia Bay near Lake Turkana in Kenya.  These fossils, which have been dated to between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago using radioisotopic dating methods applied to volcanic sediments, are significant because they represent the earliest indisputable evidence of obligate bipedality in the human fossil record.  In addition, the morphology of the skull of Au. anamensis provides a glimpse of the evolutionary changes that represent the transition from earlier, more primitive (i.e., ape-like) hominins—such as Ardipithecus ramidus—to later, more derived (i.e., human-like) species—such as Australopithecus afarensis. 
https://www.msu.edu/~heslipst/contents/ANP440/anamensis.htm

Bow 5

The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 199.6± 0.6 Mya (million years ago) to 145.5± 4 Mya, that is, from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic era, also known as the age of reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. However, the end of the period did not witness any major extinction event. The Jurassic is named after the Jura Mountains within the European Alps, where limestone strata from the period was first identified. By the beginning of the Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea had begun rifting into two landmasses, Laurasia to the north andGondwana to the south. This created more coastlines and shifted the continental climate from dry to humid, and many of the arid deserts of the Triassic were replaced by lush rainforests. Dinosaurs dominated the land, and reached their peak in this period as they diversified into a wide variety of groups. The first birds also appeared during the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The oceans were inhabited by marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, while pterosaurs were the dominant flying vertebrates.Mammals also existed during this time; however, overshadowed by the dinosaurs, they constituted only a small and relatively insignificant part of the biosphere .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MakhteshGadolCenter02.jpg

     

                 

Bow 4

Natural selection is the gradual, nonrandom process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. 

        http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html

Bow 3

   what is natural selection?
          Natural Selection is a process by which become either more or less common in a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. The mutations do occur to produce brand new alleles that improve organisms chances of survival in a particular environment. Natural selection never affects the genotypes since it is already fixed the genotype combination can never be altered.

          
How does it relate to mutations, genotypes and phenotypes?

             The distinction between phenotype and genotype is fundamental to the understanding of heredity and development of organisms. The genotype of an organism is the class to which that organism belongs as determined by the description of the actual physical material made up of DNA that was passed to the organism by its parents at the organism's conception. For sexually reproducing organisms that physical material consists of the DNA contributed to the fertilized egg by the sperm and egg of its two parents. For asexually reproducing organisms, for example bacteria, the inherited material is a direct copy of the DNA of its parent. The phenotype of an organism is the class to which that organism belongs as determined by the description of the physical and behavioral characteristics of the organism, for example its size and shape, its metabolic activities and its pattern of movement.
     

   

    What is expatation?
           a looking forward to; anticipation; a looking for as due, proper, or necessary; a thing looked forward to. The act or the state of expecting.
             

                               

Bow 2

Non-sense mutation: Three codons tell the cell to stop providing amino acids to the protein which supposely has been reached. when this happens the process is cut short and therefore it is an incompleted process. A disease caused by this is Cystic fibrosiss.
    INSERTION: occur when extra DNA is added into an existing gene
FRAMESHIFT:

mutations result from either addition or deletion of one or two nucleotide bases. When this occurs the reading frame is changed so that all the codons read after the mutation are incorrect, even though the bases themselves may be still present.

POINT MUTATIONS: are small changes often in a single nucleotide base.


TRANSLOCATIONS: are the transfer of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomolougus chromosomes. Translocations are often reciprocal; that is, the two nonhomologues swap 

• the break may occur within a gene destroying its function
• translocated genes may come under the influence of different promoters and enhancers so that their expression is altered. 
• the breakpoint may occur within a gene creating a hybrid gene. This may be transcribed and translated into a protein with an N-terminal of one normal cell protein coupled to the C-terminal of another. The Philadelphia chromosome found so often in the leukemic cells of patients with  (CML) is the result of a translocation which produces a compound gene (bcr-abl). 

SENSE MUTATIONS:A mutation that changes a termination  codon into one that codes for an amino acid. Such a mutation results in an elongated protein. 

   DELETION MUTATIONS: result in missing DNA are called deletions. These can be small, such as the removal of just one "word," or longer deletions that affect a large number of genes on the chromosome. Deletions can also cause frameshift mutations. In this example, the deletion eliminated the word cat.

    

Bow 1

Transcription-It is the process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic  information stored in a DNA strand into acomplementary strand of RNA NA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases.

 Translation-  change or conversion  to another form, appearance, etc.;transformation.A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA.

               

name the gene.

 Gene Sequence 2: ATG GCG GGT CTG ACG GCG GCG GCC CCG CGG CCC GGA GTC CTC CTG CTC CTG CTG TCC ATC CTC CAC CCC TCT CGG CCT GGA GGG GTC CCT GGG GCC ATT CCT GGT GGA GTT CCT GGA GGA GTC TT

          This gene encodes a protein that is one of the two components of elastic fibers. The encoded protein is rich in hydrophobic amino acids such as glycine and proline, which form mobile hydrophobic regions bounded by crosslinks between lysine residues. Deletions and mutations in this gene are associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and autosomal dominant cutis laxa. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
  Gene sequence 3:ATG CTC ACA TTC ATG GCC TCT GAC AGC GAG GAA GAA GTG TGT GAT GAG CGG ACG TCC CTA ATG TCG GCC GAG AGC CCC AGC CCG CGC TCC TGC CAG GAG GGC AGG CAG GGC CCA GAG GAT GGA G
       Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with an inherited form of the disease carry mutations in the presenilin proteins (PSEN1 or PSEN2) or the amyloid precursor protein (APP). These disease-linked mutations result in increased production of the longer form of amyloid-beta (main component of amyloid deposits found in AD brains). Presenilins are postulated to regulate APP processing through their effects on gamma-secretase, an enzyme that cleaves APP. Also, it is thought that the presenilins are involved in the cleavage of the Notch receptor such that, they either directly regulate gamma-secretase activity, or themselves act are protease enzymes. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of PSEN2 have been identified.
 Gene sequence 5:ATG CGT CGA GGG CGT CTG CTG GAG ATC GCC CTG GGA TTT ACC GTG CTT TTA GCG TCC TAC ACG AGC CAT GGG GCG GAC GCC AAT TTG GAG GCT GGG AAC GTG AAG GAA ACC AGA GCC AGT CGG GCC
      This gene encodes a member of the fibrillin family. The encoded protein is a large, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that serve as a structural component of 10-12 nm calcium-binding microfibrils. These microfibrils provide force bearing structural support in elastic and nonelastic connective tissue throughout the body. Mutations in this gene are associated with Marfan syndrome, isolated ectopia lentis, autosomal dominant Weill-Marchesani syndrome, MASS syndrome, and Shprintzen-Goldberg craniosynostosis syndrome.
   Gene sequence 6:ATG CCG CCC AAA ACC CCC CGA AAA ACG GCC GCC ACC GCC GCC GCT GCC GCC GCG GAA CCC GGC ACC GCC GCC GCC GCC CCC TCC TGA GGG ACC CAG AGC AGG ACA GCG GCC CGG AGG AC
   The protein encoded by this gene is a negative regulator of the cell cycle and was the first tumor suppressor gene found. The encoded protein also stabilizes constitutive heterochromatin to maintain the overall chromatin structure. The active, hypophosphorylated form of the protein binds transcription factor E2F1. Defects in this gene are a cause of childhood cancer retinoblastoma (RB), bladder cancer, and osteogenic sarcoma.
    Gene sequence 8:ATG CCA TCT TCC TTG ATG TTG GAG GTA CCT GCT CTG GCA GAT TTC AAC CGG GCT TGG ACA GAA CTT ACC GAC TGG CTT TCT CTG CTT GAT CAA GTT ATA AAA TCA CAG AGG GTG ATG GTG GGT GAC CTT
       The dystrophin gene is the largest gene found in nature, measuring 2.4 Mb. The gene was identified through a positional cloning approach, targeted at the isolation of the gene responsible for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) Muscular Dystrophies. DMD is a recessive, fatal, X-linked disorder occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 3,500 new-born males. BMD is a milder allelic form. In general, DMD patients carry mutations which cause premature translation termination (nonsense or frame shift mutations), while in BMD patients dystrophin is reduced either in molecular weight (derived from in-frame deletions) or in expression level. The dystrophin gene is highly complex, containing at least eight independent, tissue-specific promoters and two polyA-addition sites. Furthermore, dystrophin RNA is differentially spliced, producing a range of different transcripts, encoding a large set of protein isoforms. Dystrophin (as encoded by the Dp427 transcripts) is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein which is found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges the inner cytoskeleton (F-actin) and the extra-cellular matrix. 

BOW 10

Deadly Poisonous Mushrooms

Mushroom containing a toxin that, following contact or ingestion, produces serious effects on humans, generally resulting in death.

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/mushroom/deadly-poisonous-mushroom.php

The biggest difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses must have a living host - like a plant or animal - to multiply, while most bacteria can grow on non-living surfaces.Bacteria are intercellular organisms(. they live in-between cells); whereas viruses are intracellular organisms (they infiltrate the host cell and live inside the cell). They change the host cell's genetic material from its normal function to producing the virus itself.There are some useful bacteria but all viruses are harmful.Antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses.An example of a disease caused by bacteria is strep throat and an example of an affliction caused by a virus is the flu.

http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/20363/

BOW 9 virtual epidemic

A combination of high H>C levels , high C>S levels (the contagiousness of the disease) and high S>D levels ( the deadliness of the diseases) will cause the worst deadly epidemic.


My Data: As you can see in 17 rounds  more than 120 people have died and spread it around

Epidemic simulation, by Ian Clark and Adrian Smith

Using this page About Epidemic

Healthy    •    277   Carrier    ¤    0   Sick    ¶    0   Dead    †    123   Immune    §    0    step(s)  Auto Probabilities ...  H > C:  C > S:  S > D:  S > I:  I > H:  Map  Plain text  Notepad  Totals  Charts      {text}   20x20   25x30   UK-map

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • † • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • • † † † † † † † † • • • • • • • • • • • •

 
reference: http://starmap.causeway.co.uk/epidemic.asp