Bow 10-11

          Some of the things i  can improve in my footprint is that i don't really recyle as much even though i use so many bottles nor when my grandma tells me too which i don't. Also i don't eat healthy food most of the times, i usually get the food from outside or restaurants which aren't so good for the earth since i don't eat organic food. After doing this i will start recycling because just by me doing a little thing it can make a huge difference in the environment.

Bow 9

Predator /Prey: An animal who does on its prey,feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).^[1] Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation always results in the death of its prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption.

http://scienceray.com/biology/zoology/extreme-hunters-savage-predators-of-the-animal-kingdom/

Parasitism: A relation between organisms in which one lives asa parasite on another.

http://lesliesierra17.blogspot.com/2011/05/blog-9define-different-forms-of.html

Mutualism: a relationship between two species of organisms inwhich both benefit from the association.

http://jesuschuy27.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog9.html

Commensalism : A type of relationship between two species of aplant, animal, fungus, etc., in which one  lives with, on, or inanother without damage to either.

http://corpcloset.blogspot.com/2008/12/commensalism.html

Bow 8

Nitrogen fixation - Fixation occurs  when bacteria convert nitrogen gas(N2) into organic compounds that living organism can take up.

 

http://www.hbwbiology.net/quizzes/ch37-plant-nutrition.htm

Ammonification- ammonification occurs when bacteria or fungi  convert nitrogen gas(N2) or nitrogen compounds  into ammonium  ions(NH4+)

 http://www.biologyjunction.com/ecology_notes_bi.htm  

Nitrification- nitrification  is a two-step process: soil bacteria first convert ammonium ions(NH4+) into nitrite ions(NO2-), then convert nitrite ions into nitrate ions(NO3-)

 http://www.thisland.illinois.edu/50ways/50ways_5.html

Denitrification: to remove nitrogen or nitrogen compounds from.

http://www.nano-reef.com/articles/?article=17

Assimilation:  the conversion of absorbed food into the substance of the body.

http://images.search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A2KJkIWCmHRPJ34AvESjzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpcGszamw0BHNlYwNmcC1pbWcEc2xrA2ltZw--/SIG=11tmbj2cs/EXP=1333070082/**http%3a//www.drmikefitzgerald.com/zones.htm

Carbon Cycle

Through the process of photosynthesis crops extract carbon from the atmosphere and incorporate it into biomass. After harvest, crop residues are converted into soil organic matter. Over time soil microorganisms digest the organic matter, returning the captured carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The Center for Carbon Capturing Crops is leveraging the federal government's investments in crop genomics to develop crops having biomass that degrades more slowly in the soil than unmodified crops.

Larger version

Animated flash version

The widespread planting of carbon capturing crops will increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil. Increased storage of carbon in the soil will reduce levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and increase soil organic matter. In addition, farmers who grow these carbon-capturing crops may earn additional carbon credits. Carbon credits are tradable securities that place a cost on carbon emissions and can be sold to carbon emitters, such as coal-powered electric stations.

In addition to developing crops having enhanced biomass characteristics, the C2C2 is working with soil and atmospheric scientists and economists to model the effects of widespread planting of carbon-capturing crops on soil organic matter, atmospheric carbon, climate and the economy. The results of these modeling activities will be widely disseminated to help guide policy decisions that will influence carbon sequestration and climate change. Ultimately, the C2C2 will partner with seed companies to deploy carbon capturing crops.

http://c2c2.iastate.edu/

Food chains and food Webs

http://tarnee.com/FoodChain.html 

   Plants are called Producers because they are observed light energy from the sun light so it can produced food from carbon dioxide and water.

Animals that Only eat plants are called  herbiovores or it can also be called primary consumers.

Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores or secondary consumers.

Carnivores that eat each other are called tertiary consumers.

In this picture it shows some primary consumers which are caterpillar ,lady bug, and grass hopper. An animal who is secondary consumers are the caterpillar, bird, rat, owl, beatle, worm, and dragon fly. carnivores that eat each other in this picture are bird and mosquito.

Evolution Blog

Some traits are advantagious or detrimental, depending on the environment. It's easy for an owl to spot a white mouse sitting on a dark rock. But it's very hard for an owl to spot a white mouse in the snow. 

      

Blog( becoming human)

Found:	2001
Where:	Toros-Manalla site 266, Chad
Team leader(s):	Michel Brunet, Alain Beayvilain
Temporal range:	7 to 6 million years ago

Sahelanthropus tchadensis was described in 2002 by French paleontologist Michel Brunet and his team.  It was discovered in Chad from deposits that have been dated by biostratigraphy to between 6 and 7 million years in age.  Central Africa is an unusual place to find hominid fossils, and the conditions under which these paleontological teams work are arduous.  Their efforts are invaluable for documenting the geographic spread of hominids across the African continent.  Many fossils of other animals were recovered at the same site asSahelanthropus, suggesting that the habitat, a dry desert today, was then a lush lakeshore with extensive forests around it. 


http://www.becominghuman.org/node/sahelanthropus-tchadensis

Found:	October 2000
Where:	Tugen Hills, Kenya
Team leader(s):	Martin Pickford, Brigitte Senut
Temporal range:	6.1 to 5.8 million years ago

Orrorin tugenensis is represented by a collection of fossils from the Tugen Hills region of Kenya.  Specifically, O. tugenensis is known from four sites in this region: Cheboit, Kapsomin, Kapcheberek, and Aragai.  “Orrorin” means “original man” in the Tugen dialect, and “tugenensis” pays tribute to the Tugen Hills region.  The sediments in which this specimens have been found are dated to between 6 and 5.8 million years ago using radioisotopic methods, paleomagnetism (dating accomplished using the timing of reversals in Earth’s magnetic poles), and biochronology (dating that utilizes the relative time frames of extinct non-hominin animals).  Orrorin tugenensis is important to hominin evolution because it (along with Sahelanthropus tchadensis, from central Africa) may represent some of the earliest evidence for bipedalism in the human fossil record.
http://www.public.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_longfor/timeline/05_o_tugenensis.html

Found:	1997
Where:	Middle Awash, Ethiopia
Team leader(s):	Tim White, Gen Suwa, Yohannes Haile Selassie
Temporal range:	5.7 to 5.2 million years ago

Ardipithecus kadabba is an early hominin species recovered from sediments in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia dated to between 5.2 and 5.8 million years ago.  These fossils are of particular importance because fragments from both the skull and body have been found and are argued to demonstrate some of the earliest signs of bipedalism and hominin dental morphology.  As one of the oldest species of human ancestors, Ar. kadabbahelps to push back the origin of hominins into the late Miocene Epoch (roughly 11.6 to 5.3 million years ago). 
http://dhistorika.blogspot.com/2011/11/ardipithecus-kadabba-un-chimpance.html

Found:	December 1992
Where:	Aramis,  Ethiopia
Team leader(s):	Tim White
Temporal range:	4.5 to 4.2 million years ago

Ardipithecus ramidus is a hominin species  dating to between 4.5 and 4.2 million years ago (mya) using paleomagnetic and radioisotopic dating methods. (Paleomagnetic uses periodic reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field; radioisotopic utilizes the known rate of decay of one radioisotope into another)  Importantly, Ar. ramidusrepresents the oldest species that possesses features unequivocally linked to the hominin lineage.  Thus, Ar. ramidus is the best evidence discovered thus far for the root of the hominin family tree.  Fossils of this species, found in the Middle Awash region and the site of Gona in Ethiopia, possess derived features (features different from those found in the ancestor) in the skull and teeth.  The postcranial skeleton of Ar. ramidus, however, suggests  this species had not evolved obligate bipedality ("obligate" means the skeletal anatomy limits locomotion to one means, in this case bipedality. Obligate is the oppodite of functional bibedality, possessed by Chimpamzees - Pan troglodytes - for example, who can walk upright for short distances or climb in trees).  This combination of traits is important because scientists have long considered obligate bipedality to be a defining characteristic of the hominin lineage.  The traits possessed by Ar. ramidus, however, demonstrate that hominin-like skulls and teeth evolved before obligate bipedality and suggest the earliest hominins were not obligate bipeds. 

http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/04_Akadab.shtml

Found:	September 1994
Where:	Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya
Team leader(s):	Meave Leakey, Alan Walker
Temporal range:	4.1 to 3.9 million years ago

Fossils attributed to Australopithecus anamensis (which means “southern ape of the lake” from “anam,” meaning “lake” in the Turkana language) have been recovered from sediments at Kanapoi and Allia Bay near Lake Turkana in Kenya.  These fossils, which have been dated to between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago using radioisotopic dating methods applied to volcanic sediments, are significant because they represent the earliest indisputable evidence of obligate bipedality in the human fossil record.  In addition, the morphology of the skull of Au. anamensis provides a glimpse of the evolutionary changes that represent the transition from earlier, more primitive (i.e., ape-like) hominins—such as Ardipithecus ramidus—to later, more derived (i.e., human-like) species—such as Australopithecus afarensis. 
https://www.msu.edu/~heslipst/contents/ANP440/anamensis.htm

Bow 5

The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 199.6± 0.6 Mya (million years ago) to 145.5± 4 Mya, that is, from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic era, also known as the age of reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. However, the end of the period did not witness any major extinction event. The Jurassic is named after the Jura Mountains within the European Alps, where limestone strata from the period was first identified. By the beginning of the Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea had begun rifting into two landmasses, Laurasia to the north andGondwana to the south. This created more coastlines and shifted the continental climate from dry to humid, and many of the arid deserts of the Triassic were replaced by lush rainforests. Dinosaurs dominated the land, and reached their peak in this period as they diversified into a wide variety of groups. The first birds also appeared during the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The oceans were inhabited by marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, while pterosaurs were the dominant flying vertebrates.Mammals also existed during this time; however, overshadowed by the dinosaurs, they constituted only a small and relatively insignificant part of the biosphere .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MakhteshGadolCenter02.jpg