BOW 7

vaccine is any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease,usually employing aninnocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakenedbacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production

     

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vaccine

     

BOW 6

diffusion : The spread of one area to a different group by contact.
ex : the perfume diffuses around the room.

facilitated diffusion : type of passive transport that allows things to pass the membrane with the help of transport proteins.
ex : sugar has to be able to cross the plasma membrane.

active transport : movement of a chemical substance from a lower center of concentration to a higher center of concentration due to its energy
Ex : coffee filters

endocytosis :the process in which the cell takes in materials from the outside and fusing them with its plasma membrane.
ex: monocytes can eat foreign substances such as bacteria

exocytosis : cellular process in which a  intracellular vesicles in he cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane
Ex : hormones from the endocrine glands

osmosis : the movement of water across a permeable membrane
ex : white blood cell

    

Fermenting

PUPUSA RECIPE

Ingredients:

• 4 cups of water
• 5 cups masa harina flour
• 16 to 24 ounces of canned refried beans
• 3 cups soft white cheese

Preparation:

1. Using a large mixing bowl, slowly pour water into masa harina. Stir until dough forms a ball that can be handled.

2. In a separate bowl, pour the refried beans. Place the grated cheese into another bowl.

3. Divide dough into about 25 pieces. Roll each into a ball and flatten between the palms of your hands to about 1/2-inch thick. Put a spoonful of beans and a small handful of cheese into the center of each pupusa. Flatten again with the filling inside.

4. Fry the pupusas in a flat skillet. Cook each side 4 to 5 minutes until a pale golden brown. The outside should be firm and crisp.

The Microbe Zoo

Kingdom: Protist, fungi, eubacteria
Scientific Name: Entodinium caudatum et al.
Image Courtesy of: Yokoyama, Mel; Cobos, Mario A.
Image Width: 40 microns
Image Technology: SEM

Cattle, like other ruminant animals such as goats, deer, and giraffes, have billions of microbes inside their guts which help them digest their food. These are some of the many types of microbes that live in the rumens (stomachs) of cows. The large microbe is a type of protist. The creature that looks like a tadpole attached to the side of the protist is a fungal spore. The smaller, rod-shaped beasts lining the underside of the protist are bacteria.

Kingdom: Eubacterium
Scientific Name: Azoarcus tolulyticus
Image Courtesy of: Shirley Owens and Catherine McGowan
Image Width: 3.5 microns
Image Technology: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

       This bacterium is an anaerobic toluene degrader. It was isolated from a gasoline-contaminated aquifer in Michigan. This organism was isolated and studied by Joanne Chee-Sanford as part of her doctoral dissertation research. It is being displayed as our "Microbe of the Week" (during April 1996) in honor of Dr. Chee-Sanford's recent successful defense of her dissertation project

Kingdom: Fungus
Scientific Name: Saccharomyces cereviceae
Image Courtesy of: Whallon, Joanne
Image Width: 24 microns
Image Technology: Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy

Yeast are small fungi which are incredibly important in the food and beverage industries. Yeast ferement the sugars in fruits to make wine, the sugars in grains to make beers. When grown in the presence of oxygen, yeast give off the gas carbon dioxide which makes bread rise. Yeast can grow with oxygen, (aerobically) or without oxygen (anaerobically.) Because it can grow either aerobically or anaerobically, it is known as a "facultative aerobe."

Kingdom: Unknown
Scientific Name: Unknown
Image Courtesy of: N.A.S.A
Image Width: 450 nanometers
Image Technology: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

           
         In August of 1996 NASA scientists reported finding what look like fossils of microbes inside a meteorite (called ALH84001) thought to be from Mars. They believe the 4.5 billion year old rock was once a part of Mars. It was blasted from Mars by a huge meteor impact 16 million years ago. It fell to Earth in Antarctica 13 thousand years ago. A piece of the meteorite was discovered on an ice field in Antarctica by scientists in 1984. Inside of the meteorite, along cracks and fissures within the rock, scientists found mineral structures such as the one shown here. Some scientists believe this may be a fossil of an ancient Martian microbe, similar to Earthly bacteria. Other scientists are skeptical, and believe that these deposits are the result of inorganic chemical processes that by chance happen to resemble terrestrial monerans. The NASA scientists have also found traces of chemicals within the cracks in the meteorite that they believe came from living organisms. These polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonate globules may be products of microbial metabolisms. Visually, this structure certainly does resemble rod-shaped bacteria found on Earth. It is, however, quite small compared to terrestrial monerans; it's size is closer to that of large viruses than to the size of most bacteria. Most scientists doubt that life currently exists on Mars. However, it is very likely that Mars was much wetter early in the history of that planet, and water seems to be a critical ingredient for the formation and continuation of living organisms on Earth. Further studies, including two NASA space missions due to be launched toward Mars in late 1996, may shed additional light on the question of whether there is life elsewhere in the universe.

Kingdom: Protist
Scientific Name: Spirogyra
Image Courtesy of: Whallon, Joanne
Image Width:30 microns
Image Technology: Laser scanning confocal microscopy

   
      This is the spiral-shaped chloroplast of the algae, Spirogyra. This chloroplast is green when viewed with traditional light microscopy. Here it is seen as red, since the chloroplast was fluorescing red.

five nutrients

proteins-the plant or animal tissue rich in such molecules, considered as a food source supplying essential amino acids to the body.

minerals-any of the inorganic elements, as calcium, iron,magnesium, potassium, or sodium, that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods.

vitamins- any of various organic substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of most animals and some plants

carbohydrates-any  of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

lipids-any of a group of organic compounds that are greasy to the touch, insoluble in water, and soluble in alcohol and ether

3 types of cells

Neuron is a specialized, impulse- conducting cell that is the functional unit of nervous system consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dentries.

                       
                                                     Sperm is a male reproductive cell

           
                       Myocyte is a contractile cell, especially an elongated cell in sponges that forms a sphincter around body openings.

                                                 

microscope comparison

Compound light microscope:
                 it is a microscope that is used to magnify small samples.

Scanning electron microscope:
      Type of microscope that images by scanning it with a high- energy beam of electrons in a patter.